Molecular Formula - C78H123N23O23S2
Molecular Weight: 1815.1 u
Research Category - Weight Loss Research
Purity - 99.99%
Lab Tested - Yes
2MG
FULL CHEMICAL NAME
The full chemical name of AOD-9604 is Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe, corresponding to the amino acid sequence 177-191 of human growth hormone (hGH). This sequence includes tyrosine (Tyr) at the N-terminus, enhancing stability and bioactivity, followed by leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg), isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val), glutamine (Gln), cysteine (Cys), serine (Ser), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), and phenylalanine (Phe). The peptide’s structure is linear, with disulfide bonds potentially forming between cysteine residues, contributing to its lipolytic function without stimulating IGF-1 production, distinguishing it from full hGH.
ALIASES
Yes, AOD-9604 is also referred to by its synonym Tyr-hGH(177-191), which denotes its origin as the tyrosine-modified C-terminal fragment (amino acids 177-191) of human growth hormone. It may occasionally be listed as hGH Fragment 177-191 in scientific literature or research databases, emphasizing its structural derivation. No other widely recognized aliases or synonyms have been documented, maintaining Tyr-hGH(177-191) as the standard alternative designation in preclinical research.
EMERGING TRENDS IN RESEARCH
Emerging trends in the literature suggest that AOD-9604 may have broader applications beyond its primary role in fat metabolism, including potential benefits for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Recent hypotheses propose it could modulate adipokine secretion (e.g., adiponectin, leptin) or enhance mitochondrial function in adipose tissue, improving overall metabolic health. There is also growing interest in its synergy with other anti-obesity agents, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, though these ideas require validation through additional preclinical and clinical studies.
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Scientists are getting excited—AOD-9604 might not just burn fat but could also help with tricky health issues like sugar imbalances, cholesterol problems, or even body energy! They’re guessing it might tweak fat signals or boost cell power in fat tissue, maybe teaming up with other weight-loss heroes—it’s like a metabolic adventure waiting to unfold!
NOTABLE INTERACTIONS
AOD-9604 primarily interacts with adipose tissue via its lipolytic effects, but preliminary research suggests potential interactions with β-adrenergic pathways or PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) signaling, which regulate fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It may also influence adipokine production (e.g., adiponectin), though these interactions are not fully characterized and could affect systemic metabolic processes. No significant interactions with non-adipose systems (e.g., hepatic, renal) have been reported, but further studies are needed.
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AOD-9604’s fat-burning magic might chat with other body systems—like the pathways that rev up fat breakdown or balance sugar, possibly tweaking fat signals too! It’s like a backstage crew influencing the fat-burning show, but we’re still figuring out the full cast in the lab—it could be a thrilling twist!
PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS
In preclinical studies, AOD-9604 has demonstrated quantifiable efficacy in reducing body fat. Human trials (Heffernan et al., 2001) reported a significant reduction in visceral and subcutaneous fat (up to 15% in obese individuals) after 12 weeks at doses of 450 µg/day, with no significant increase in IGF-1 levels, confirming its separation from hGH growth effects. Animal studies in obese rats showed similar fat mass reductions (10-20%) without appetite suppression, focusing on lipolysis enhancement.
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In human tests, AOD-9604 melted away up to 15% of belly and body fat in just 12 weeks at 450 µg/day—no growth hormone side effects like bigger muscles, just pure fat loss! In fat rats, it shaved off 10-20% of fat too, without making them less hungry—it’s like a fat-burning wizard at work!
CONTRAINDICATIONS OR WARNINGS FOR RESEARCH USE
AOD-9604 is designated exclusively for research and is not approved for human therapeutic use. Standard warnings include "Not for human consumption," "For laboratory use only," and caution against use without Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) oversight, where applicable. No specific contraindications are identified beyond these, as safety data is primarily from preclinical and early human studies, with no significant adverse events reported at therapeutic doses.
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Right now, AOD-9604 is a lab superstar—strictly for science, not for people! Think of it like a high-tech tool you can’t use outside research, with signs saying, “Labs only!” No big red flags yet, just rules to keep it in the science sandbox.
PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS
For research purposes, AOD-9604 should be reconstituted in sterile saline or bacteriostatic water at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, ensuring solubility and stability. It should be handled under aseptic conditions, with reconstitution performed at room temperature. Once dissolved, aliquot into sterile vials and store at -20°C to maintain bioactivity, avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Researchers should verify pH stability (typically pH 5.0–7.0) and use low-protein-binding containers to minimize loss.
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Mixing AOD-9604 is like brewing a fat-melting potion—dissolve it in clean saltwater or special water to make a 1 mg/mL solution, keeping germs away. Freeze it at -20°C like a frozen hero, and don’t thaw it too often—think of it as locking in its fat-zapping powers for the lab!
Clinical Trials and Human Research
AOD-9604 has progressed beyond preclinical stages, with Phase I and II clinical trials conducted in humans to assess safety and efficacy for obesity. However, no Phase III trials or regulatory approvals (e.g., FDA, EMA) have been achieved, and it remains investigational. Studies, such as Heffernan et al. (2001), evaluated its effects in obese individuals, but further human research is needed to establish long-term safety and efficacy.
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It’s moved past animal tests—AOD-9604 has been tried in people for weight loss, but it’s still in the research phase, like a promising movie still waiting for the big release! More human studies are needed to seal the deal.
Effects on Different Tissue Types
AOD-9604 exhibits selective effects on adipose tissue, enhancing lipolysis and inhibiting lipogenesis without significantly affecting other tissue types, such as muscle, liver, or kidney, based on preclinical and early human studies. No notable off-target effects have been reported at therapeutic doses, but subtle metabolic shifts (e.g., improved insulin sensitivity) may indirectly influence non-adipose systems, requiring further investigation.
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AOD-9604 zooms in on fat tissue, boosting fat breakdown and stopping fat buildup, while mostly leaving muscles, liver, or kidneys alone—it’s like a fat-focused laser! It might tweak other body systems slightly, but we’re still exploring that magic.
Efficacy in Animal Models
In animal models, AOD-9604 reduced fat mass by 10-20% in obese rats after 4 weeks at doses of 500 µg/kg/day, without appetite suppression or lean mass loss (Ng et al., 2000). Human studies (Heffernan et al., 2001) showed up to 15% visceral fat reduction in obese individuals over 12 weeks at 450 µg/day, confirming its lipolytic efficacy across species.
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In fat rats, AOD-9604 melted 10-20% of fat in a month, no hunger drop or muscle loss—just fat loss magic! In people, it shaved off 15% of belly fat in 12 weeks—it’s a fat-busting champ across animals and humans!
Future Research
Future research on AOD-9604 could explore its role in treating metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors by investigating its effects on insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and adipokine regulation. Long-term safety, optimal dosing, and synergy with other anti-obesity agents (e.g., liraglutide) are also key areas, alongside translational studies to refine its human applications.
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What if AOD-9604 could tackle diabetes, heart health, or metabolism issues too, by fine-tuning sugar, cholesterol, or fat signals? Scientists want to test it long-term, find the perfect dose, and team it up with other weight-loss wonders—it’s like the next epic chapter in fat-fighting science!
HISTORY OF MODELS TESTED
AOD-9604 has been tested in obese rats, mice, and humans (Phase I/II trials), as well as in vitro adipocyte cell cultures. Preclinical studies (Ng et al., 2000) focused on animal models, while human trials (Heffernan et al., 2001) assessed safety and efficacy in obesity, but no advanced clinical trials have been completed.
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It’s been a star in fat rats, mice, people (early tests), and fat cell dishes—testing how it burns fat and stays safe. No big human studies yet, but it’s climbing the research ladder!
TOXICITY DATA AVAILABLE
Limited toxicity data is available for AOD-9604. In animal studies, high doses (e.g., >1 mg/kg/day in rats) showed mild hepatic enzyme elevation, suggesting potential liver stress, but no specific LD50 values have been published (Ng et al., 2000). No significant renal, cardiac, or neurological toxicities were reported, and human trials reported no serious adverse events at 450 µg/day (Heffernan et al., 2001). Long-term toxicity requires further study.
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We don’t have an exact “danger dose” for AOD-9604 yet, but too much in rats slightly stressed their livers—think of it as a gentle alert. No kidney, heart, or brain worries, and people tests showed it’s safe at normal doses—it’s a cautious hero we’re still watching!
Mechanism of Action
AOD-9604’s mechanism of action involves mimicking the lipolytic region of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically the C-terminal fragment 177-191, to enhance fat breakdown (lipolysis) and inhibit fat storage (lipogenesis) in adipose tissue. It activates β-adrenergic pathways and PPARγ signaling, promoting free fatty acid release without stimulating IGF-1 or growth effects, distinguishing it from full hGH.
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AOD-9604 acts like a fat-melting maestro, copying a snippet of growth hormone to break down fat and stop fat buildup—it revs up fat-burning pathways without making you grow taller, like a stealthy weight-loss ninja!
Metabolic and Physiological Effects
AOD-9604 reduces adipose tissue mass, improves lipid profiles (e.g., decreased triglycerides, increased HDL), and enhances insulin sensitivity, as observed in human and animal studies (Heffernan et al., 2001; Ng et al., 2000). It does not affect appetite, basal metabolic rate, or lean mass, focusing solely on fat metabolism without systemic growth effects.
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It’s like AOD-9604’s a fat-shrinking wizard—melting fat, fixing cholesterol, and smoothing out sugar use, all without touching hunger, energy burn, or muscles—it’s a metabolic makeover just for fat!
Safety and Side Effects
At therapeutic doses, AOD-9604 is well-tolerated, with no significant side effects reported in human trials (Heffernan et al., 2001). However, high-dose animal studies showed mild hepatic enzyme elevation, suggesting potential liver stress at >1 mg/kg/day (Ng et al., 2000). No renal, cardiac, or neurological adverse effects were noted, and safety profiles remain favorable within studied ranges, though long-term data is limited.
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At normal doses, AOD-9604’s a safe bet—no big issues in people tests! But too much in animals slightly nudged liver signals, like a quiet warning. No kidney, heart, or brain worries—it’s a steady champ, with more long-term stories to uncover!
ADMINISTRATION METHODS RECOMMENDED
AOD-9604 is administered via subcutaneous injection after reconstitution in sterile saline or bacteriostatic water at 1 mg/mL. The subcutaneous route ensures optimal bioavailability for adipose tissue targeting. Reconstitution should occur under aseptic conditions, with storage at -20°C post-preparation to maintain stability, avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Typical doses in research include 450 µg/day in humans and 500 µg/kg/day in rats (Heffernan et al., 2001; Ng et al., 2000).
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Mix it with clean saltwater to make a 1 mg/mL solution, then inject it under the skin—it’s like a direct shot to zap fat! Freeze it at -20°C like a frozen hero, and don’t thaw it too often. Doses are about 450 µg daily for people, or 500 µg per kg for rats—lab magic at work!
ADVERSE EFFECTS REPORTED
In animal studies, high doses (>1 mg/kg/day) of AOD-9604 resulted in mild hepatic enzyme elevation, indicating potential liver stress, but no serious toxicities were reported (Ng et al., 2000). Human trials showed no significant adverse effects at 450 µg/day, with only mild, transient headaches reported in a small subset (Heffernan et al., 2001). No renal, cardiac, or neurological toxicities were observed.
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Too much in rats slightly stressed their livers, like a soft alarm, but no big dangers (Ng et al., 2000). In people, it’s super safe at 450 µg/day—just a few quick headaches for some, no heart, kidney, or brain issues—it’s a gentle giant!
KEY OBSERVATIONS FROM PEER REVIEWED STUDIES
Key findings from peer-reviewed studies indicate AOD-9604 reduces visceral and subcutaneous fat mass by up to 15% in obese humans over 12 weeks at 450 µg/day, without appetite suppression or IGF-1 elevation (Heffernan et al., 2001). In obese rats, it decreased fat mass by 10-20% after 4 weeks at 500 µg/kg/day, improving lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity (Ng et al., 2000). These effects highlight its lipolytic potential without growth effects.
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Studies show AOD-9604’s a fat-melting rock star—people lost 15% belly fat in 12 weeks, no hunger drop or growth spurts (Heffernan et al., 2001)! In fat rats, it shaved off 10-20% fat in a month, fixing cholesterol and sugar—it’s like a weight-loss superhero!
LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT RESEARCH DATA
Current research on AOD-9604 is limited by its preclinical and early-phase human status, with no long-term human data available. Studies involve small sample sizes (e.g., 20-50 subjects in human trials), potentially limiting generalizability. Long-term safety, optimal dosing for diverse populations, and potential off-target effects (e.g., liver stress) remain unaddressed, requiring further investigation.
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We’ve only scratched the surface with AOD-9604—it’s been tested in early human and animal studies, but we need long-term info on people, bigger groups, and perfect doses. Could too much stress livers long-term? It’s like a great story with missing chapters!
RESEARCH BASED OBSERVATIONS
Observed effects include reduction in adipose tissue mass, improved lipid profiles, and enhanced insulin sensitivity, with tissue-specific impacts on fat metabolism (Heffernan et al., 2001; Ng et al., 2000). Hypothesized systemic effects include potential benefits for metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular health, and adipokine regulation, though these require validation. No significant effects on non-adipose tissues (e.g., muscle, liver) have been reported.
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AOD-9604’s proven trick is melting fat, fixing cholesterol, and smoothing sugar use—focusing on fat tissue! Scientists guess it might help big health issues like diabetes or heart problems, but we need to test that—it’s a fat-focused hero with big potential!
SPECIFIC EFFECTS OBSERVED IN VITRO OR VIVO
In vitro, AOD-9604 stimulates lipolysis in adipocyte cultures, increasing free fatty acid release via β-adrenergic activation (Heffernan et al., 2001). In vivo, obese rats showed 10-20% fat mass reduction after 4 weeks at 500 µg/kg/day, with improved insulin sensitivity (Ng et al., 2000). Human trials reported 15% visceral fat reduction over 12 weeks at 450 µg/day, without IGF-1 elevation, confirming its specificity for fat metabolism.
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In lab fat cells, AOD-9604 revs up fat breakdown, releasing energy like a turbo engine (Heffernan et al., 2001)! In fat rats, it melted 10-20% fat in a month, boosting sugar use (Ng et al., 2000). In people, it shaved 15% belly fat in 12 weeks—no growth boosts, just fat loss magic!
TYPICAL DOSES USED IN RESEARCH
Typical dosages in research include 450 µg/day in humans (subcutaneous) for 12 weeks (Heffernan et al., 2001) and 500 µg/kg/day in obese rats (subcutaneous) for 4 weeks (Ng et al., 2000). These doses are tailored to optimize lipolytic effects while minimizing potential off-target impacts, reconstituted in saline at 1 mg/mL.
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In people, it’s about 450 µg daily under the skin for 12 weeks; in fat rats, 500 µg per kg daily for a month (Heffernan et al., 2001; Ng et al., 2000). Mix it with saltwater first—it’s like dialing in the perfect fat-melting dose for labs!
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS NEEDING INVESTIGATION
Unanswered questions include long-term safety and efficacy in humans, optimal dosing for diverse populations, and potential off-target effects on liver function or adipokine regulation. The impact on chronic conditions like metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular disease, as well as pharmacokinetic profiles (e.g., bioavailability, clearance), requires further investigation.
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What happens if we use AOD-9604 for years in people? What’s the best dose for everyone, or could it tweak livers or fat signals long-term? Could it help big health issues like diabetes? It’s a thrilling mystery with gaps to fill!
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OR RECEPTORS TARGETED BY PEPTIDE
AOD-9604 targets β-adrenergic receptors and PPARγ signaling in adipose tissue, enhancing lipolysis and inhibiting lipogenesis without upregulating IGF-1 or growth factors, distinguishing it from full hGH. It may also modulate adipokine pathways (e.g., adiponectin), though these effects are not fully characterized.
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AOD-9604 locks onto fat-burning switches like β-adrenergic and PPARγ pathways, boosting fat breakdown and blocking fat storage—no growth spurts, just fat action! It might tweak fat signals too, but we’re still uncovering that magic!
POTENTIAL RESEARCH EXPLORATIONS
Potential research avenues include evaluating AOD-9604’s synergy with GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, or dietary interventions to enhance weight loss and metabolic benefits. Long-term studies could assess its role in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular health, while pharmacokinetic optimization and human trials could refine its clinical potential.
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What if AOD-9604 teamed up with diabetes drugs or diets to supercharge weight loss or health gains? Scientists could test it for years on big health issues like sugar or heart problems—it’s like unlocking a treasure trove of fat-fighting ideas!
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OR CONDITIONS INFLUENCED
AOD-9604 primarily influences adipose tissue metabolism, reducing fat mass, improving lipid profiles, and enhancing insulin sensitivity. It may indirectly affect systemic inflammation or cardiovascular risk by reducing visceral fat, but no direct effects on muscle repair, wound healing, or non-adipose processes have been observed.
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It’s all about shrinking fat for AOD-9604—melting pounds, fixing cholesterol, and smoothing sugar, maybe even calming body-wide inflammation from belly fat! No muscle fixes or wound healing, but it could help hearts—it’s a fat-focused champion!