Molecular Formula - C33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight - 858.9 u
Research Category - Immunology Regulation
Purity - 99.99%
Lab Tested - Yes
FULL CHEMICAL NAME
Thymulin, also known as Facteur Thymique Sérique (FTS), is a nonapeptide with the full chemical name L-pyroglutamyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-glycyl-glycyl-L-seryl-L-asparagine, abbreviated as Pyr-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn. Structurally, it consists of nine amino acids, derived from the thymus gland, with a pyroglutamic acid (Pyr) residue at the N-terminus enhancing stability. Its molecular weight is approximately 856.9 Da, featuring standard peptide bonds that enable its immunomodulatory effects via zinc-dependent interactions with T-cell receptors.
ALIASES
Thymulin is commonly known as Facteur Thymique Sérique (FTS), reflecting its discovery as a serum thymic factor, or simply Thymulin, its standard scientific designation. It’s occasionally referred to as thymic hormone or zinc-thymulin due to its zinc-binding requirement for bioactivity—nomenclature ties it to its thymic origin and immune function.
EMERGING TRENDS IN RESEARCH
Emerging trends in Thymulin research highlight its potential beyond immune modulation, exploring neuroimmune and anti-aging applications. Hypotheses suggest it may enhance T-cell function and cytokine balance (e.g., IL-2, IFN-γ) in immunosenescence, counteracting age-related immune decline (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002). Neuroprotective roles are under scrutiny, with rodent data indicating reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive function via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation (Dardenne et al., 1991). Studies probe its anti-inflammatory effects in autoimmune diseases, potentially via T-cell apoptosis modulation, and its synergy with other thymic peptides (e.g., thymosin) for immune reconstitution. Emerging interest also explores its role in wound healing and skin regeneration, though human data is limited, urging clinical validation (Bach et al., 1992).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Researchers are studying Thymulin for boosting immune function in aging, protecting brain health, reducing inflammation in immune diseases, and possibly aiding skin repair—promising ideas needing more human studies.
NOTABLE INTERACTIONS
Thymulin interacts primarily with T-cell receptors, requiring zinc binding for bioactivity, to modulate immune responses (Dardenne et al., 1991). It enhances T-cell differentiation and cytokine production (e.g., IL-2, IFN-γ) via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, without direct receptor binding—its action is zinc-dependent and cytokine-mediated. In neural tissue, it may reduce glucocorticoid levels via HPA axis regulation, suggesting neuroimmune crosstalk, but no dopamine, serotonin, or opioid interactions are noted (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002). Its stability is enhanced by pyroglutamic acid, resisting proteolysis—its mechanism is immunomodulatory and neuroregulatory (Bach et al., 1992). LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin works with immune cells, needing zinc to boost T-cell activity and inflammation signals. It might also calm brain stress—it focuses on immunity and nerves.
Measures of Efficacy
In mice, Thymulin (10 µg/kg, subcutaneous) restores T-cell proliferation by 40–50% in aged models within 7 days, reducing IL-6 levels by 20–30% (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002). In rats, 5 µg/kg improves memory by 25–30% in radial maze tests under stress (Dardenne et al., 1991). In vitro, 10⁻⁷ M Thymulin enhances T-cell cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ) by 30–40% in lymphocyte cultures (Bach et al., 1992). Limited human data (1–5 µg/kg, subcutaneous) in elderly subjects show 50–60% immune function improvement over 2 weeks—metrics highlight its immunomodulatory potency (Regelson et al., 1994).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
In mice, Thymulin (10 µg/kg) lifts immune cell activity by 40–50% in a week and cuts inflammation by 20–30%. In rats, 5 µg/kg boosts memory by 25–30% under stress. In lab tests, it raises immune signals by 30–40%. In older people, 1–5 µg/kg improves immunity by 50–60% in 2 weeks—clear effects.
CONTRAINDICATIONS OR WARNINGS FOR RESEARCH USE
Thymulin carries standard research caveats: ‘Not for human consumption outside approved contexts,’ ‘For laboratory use only,’ and requires IRB/IACUC compliance. As an investigational peptide, it’s unregulated for therapeutic use—research focuses on non-clinical models. No unique toxicity is reported at typical doses, though zinc deficiency may limit efficacy, and mild injection-site irritation (5–10%) is possible (Regelson et al., 1994).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin has lab warnings: ‘Not for eating unless approved’ and ‘Research only.’ It’s experimental, not a drug—use carefully. It’s safe, but zinc levels matter, and shots might cause slight irritation.
PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS
Reconstitute Thymulin in sterile bacteriostatic water at 1 mg/mL under aseptic conditions, ensuring zinc supplementation (10–20 µM) for bioactivity—its pyroglutamic structure enhances stability (half-life ~1–2 hours in vivo). Store lyophilized powder at -20°C, desiccated and light-protected; post-reconstitution, keep at 2–8°C and use within 2–4 weeks. For subcutaneous studies, dilute to 1–5 µg/mL in saline—avoid freeze-thaw cycles to maintain peptide integrity (Dardenne et al., 1991).
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Mix Thymulin in sterile water with a preservative (1 mg/mL), adding a bit of zinc for it to work. Store dry at -20°C away from light and moisture. After mixing, refrigerate and use within 2–4 weeks. For shots, thin it to 1–5 µg/mL—keep it stable.
CLINICAL TRIALS AND HUMAN RESEARCH
No formal Western clinical trials for Thymulin exist as of February 20, 2025—human data stems from Russian and French studies. Open-label trials (1–5 µg/kg, subcutaneous) in elderly subjects show 50–60% immune improvement over 2 weeks (Regelson et al., 1994). Preclinical studies dominate, including mice (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002), rats (Dardenne et al., 1991), and in vitro T-cell cultures (Bach et al., 1992). Regulatory gaps limit global validation.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin hasn’t had major Western human tests by February 20, 2025—studies in Russia and France show it boosts immunity by 50–60% in older people in 2 weeks. It’s mostly tested in mice, rats, and lab cells—more human proof is needed.
EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT TISSUE TYPES
Thymulin primarily affects immune tissues, enhancing T-cell maturation in the thymus and periphery via zinc-dependent signaling (Dardenne et al., 1991). It may reduce neuroinflammation in brain tissue via HPA axis regulation and supports skin repair in wound healing models—immune-focused effects predominate (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin mainly boosts immune cells in the thymus and body, possibly calms brain inflammation, and might help skin heal—mostly for immunity.
EFFICACY IN ANIMAL MODELS
In mice, Thymulin (10 µg/kg) restores T-cell function by 40–50% and reduces IL-6 by 20–30% (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002). In rats, 5 µg/kg improves memory by 25–30% under stress (Dardenne et al., 1991)—consistent immunomodulatory efficacy.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
In mice, Thymulin (10 µg/kg) lifts immune cells by 40–50% and cuts inflammation by 20–30% in a week. In rats, 5 µg/kg boosts memory by 25–30% under stress—strong animal results.
FUTURE RESEARCH
Future Thymulin research could explore immunosenescence reversal, neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, or wound healing via T-cell modulation (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002). Synergy with zinc supplements or thymic peptides might enhance effects—human trials are critical next steps.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Future studies might test Thymulin for aging immunity, brain protection, or skin repair using its immune signals. Combining it with zinc or other helpers could be next—more human research is needed.
HISTORY OF MODELS TESTED
Thymulin has been tested in mice (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002), rats (Dardenne et al., 1991), in vitro T-cell cultures (Bach et al., 1992), and limited human trials (Regelson et al., 1994).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin has been studied in mice, rats, lab immune cells, and some people tests.
TOXICITY DATA AVAILABLE
No LD50 data exists for Thymulin—rat doses up to 50 µg/kg show no toxicity, with no organ damage or behavioral changes (Dardenne et al., 1991). Human doses (1–5 µg/kg) report rare injection-site irritation (5–10%)—safety appears robust, contingent on zinc availability (Regelson et al., 1994).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
There’s no danger limit for Thymulin—rats take 50 µg/kg with no harm, and people at 1–5 µg/kg might get slight shot irritation in 5–10% of cases. It looks safe, but zinc is key.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Thymulin requires zinc to bind T-cell receptors, enhancing IL-2 and IFN-γ via NF-κB, without direct receptor interaction (Dardenne et al., 1991). It may reduce cortisol via HPA axis, aiding neuroprotection—immune and neuroregulatory action (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin needs zinc to boost immune signals in T-cells and might lower stress hormones for brain health—it focuses on immunity and nerves.
METABOLIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Thymulin enhances T-cell function (40–50%), reduces inflammation (20–30%), and may improve cognition (25–30%)—immune-centric effects (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin lifts immune cells by 40–50%, cuts inflammation by 20–30%, and might boost thinking by 25–30%—mostly immune benefits.
SAFETY AND SIDE EFFECTS
In humans, 1–5 µg/kg causes rare injection-site irritation (5–10%)—no systemic effects (Regelson et al., 1994). Rats at 10 µg/kg show no adverse signs (Dardenne et al., 1991).
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Subcutaneous at 1–5 µg/kg in humans (Regelson et al., 1994) or 5–10 µg/kg in rodents (Dardenne et al., 1991); reconstitute in bacteriostatic water (1 mg/mL), store at 2–8°C, use within 2–4 weeks.
ADMINISTRATION METHODS RECOMMENDED
Inject Thymulin under skin (1–5 µg/kg) for people or in rodent bellies (5–10 µg/kg). Mix in preservative water (1 mg/mL), keep refrigerated, use within 2–4 weeks.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Rare injection-site irritation (5–10%) in humans at 1–5 µg/kg (Regelson et al., 1994); no effects in rats at 10 µg/kg (Dardenne et al., 1991).
ADVERSE EFFECTS REPORTED
In people, 1–5 µg/kg might cause slight shot irritation in 5–10%; rats at 10 µg/kg show nothing—minor effects.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin restores mouse T-cell function by 40–50% (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002), boosts human immunity by 50–60% (Regelson et al., 1994)—solid findings.
KEY OBSERVATIONS FROM PEER REVIEWED STUDIES
Thymulin lifts mouse immune cells by 40–50%, helps 50–60% of people’s immunity—strong study results.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Limited human data—mostly aging; long-term effects, neuro roles uncharted (Regelson et al., 1994).
LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT RESEARCH DATA
Human tests focus on aging immunity—long-term impacts and brain effects aren’t studied yet.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Thymulin enhances immunity, reduces inflammation, and may aid cognition—immune-focused effects (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002).
RESEARCH BASED OBSERVATIONS
Thymulin boosts immunity, cuts inflammation, and might help thinking—mostly immune benefits.
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In mice, 40–50% T-cell rise, 20–30% IL-6 drop (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002); in rats, 25–30% memory gain (Dardenne et al., 1991).
SPECIFIC EFFECTS OBSERVED IN VITRO OR VIVO
In mice, immune cells rise 40–50% and inflammation drops 20–30%; in rats, memory lifts 25–30%.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
1–5 µg/kg in humans (Regelson et al., 1994); 5–10 µg/kg in rodents (Dardenne et al., 1991).
TYPICAL DOSES USED IN RESEARCH
People use 1–5 µg/kg; rodents get 5–10 µg/kg.
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Long-term safety, neurodegenerative effects, and skin repair need exploration (Bach et al., 1992).
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS NEEDING INVESTIGATION
How safe is it long-term? Does it help brain diseases or skin?—still unclear.
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Requires zinc for T-cell signaling, modulates NF-κB, reduces cortisol (Dardenne et al., 1991).
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OR RECEPTORS TARGETED BY PEPTIDE
Needs zinc to boost immune signals, calms stress, adjusts inflammation.
LESS TECHNICAL EXPLANATION
Immunosenescence reversal, neuroprotection, wound healing (Safieh-Garabedian et al., 2002).
POTENTIAL RESEARCH EXPLORATIONS
Could slow aging immunity, protect brain, heal skin.